[43], Having defeated Bavaria, Austria began an invasion of Silesia. For birth, marriage, and death records from 1 October 1874, use civil registration. [4] Overall about 1% (100,000) of the German civilian population east of the OderNeisse line perished in the fighting prior to the surrender in May 1945. The conflict over Silesia foreshadowed a wider Austro-Prussian struggle for hegemony over the German-speaking peoples, which would later culminate in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. They were all of the type lets jump this and that country and share the spoils. [75] Russian forces advanced through East Prussia to threaten Brandenburg, fighting the Prussians to a costly draw on 25 August at the Battle of Zorndorf. [118] Between October 1948 and December 1950 all 35,000 German prisoners of war detained in Poland were shipped to Germany. Page 312 and Pages 452 to 466", The quality of the 1946 census data was very low, Polski w XX wieku / Andrzej Gawryszewski. Poland . [30] In January 1742 Elector Charles Albert of Bavaria won the 1742 Imperial election and became Holy Roman Emperor. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2001. Why was Poland given Prussian land Several organizations have worked to gather data on displaced Germans in order to reunite families and provide aid. Prussia Arie Marcelo Kacowicz, Pawel Lutomski, Population resettlement in international conflicts: a comparative study, Lexington Books, 2007, p.103. WebThe Silesian Wars (German: Schlesische Kriege) were three wars fought in the mid-18th see Opava Provincial Archives, Czech Republic. German civilians were also sent as "reparations labor" to the USSR. After the accession of the Great Elector's son and successor, FrederickIII of Brandenburg, the Emperor took back control of Schwiebus in 1694, claiming that the territory had only been personally assigned to the late Great Elector for life. To smooth over ties to Poland, Steinbach was left out of the picture entirely. WebEast Upper Silesia was ceded to Poland by the Supreme Allied Command in September 1921. Vilnius dispute WebPrussia - Prussia - German Empire, Hohenzollern Dynasty, Unification: The reforming impulse flagged after 1815. The settlers can be grouped according to their background: After 1 January 1948, Germans were primarily shipped to the Soviet occupation zone (after 7 October 1949, the German Democratic Republic), based on a Polish-Soviet agreement. Surprisingly, the image of Silesia as a polluted industrial region with a mining landscape all around and kids playing with lumps of coal is still alive even in other parts of Poland. [47], Although the Polish government-in-exile was recognised by the Allies at that time, the Soviet Union broke off all diplomatic relations with it in April 1943 after Polish government demanded the investigation of the Katyn massacre. In the end, negotiators agreed again on a return to the status quo ante bellum, confirming Prussia's control of Silesia in the Treaty of Hubertusburg in February 1763. March 13, 1990 | OPOLE, POLAND. Post-World War II Poland was "designed" by the British foreign office, presented by Churchill, and ratified by Roosevelt and Stalin at the Tehran C The program was designed to be the wellspring of future generations descended from those whom Nazi authorities deemed racially valuable.. [74][75] The major camps were at Glatz, Mielcin, Gronw, Sikawa, Central Labour Camp Jaworzno, Central Labour Camp Potulice, ambinowice (run by Czesaw Gborski), Zgoda labour camp and others. Stanisawa Leszczyckiego PAN, 2005. [84] The year 1761 saw little activity by the exhausted Prussian and Austrian forces, but Russian forces made advances in Pomerania and eastern Brandenburg that threatened a decisive end to the war the following year. His most significant accomplishments include his military successes in the Silesian wars, his reorganisation of the Prussian Army, the First Partition of Poland, and his patronage of the arts and the [106] Numbers of how many were offered to stay in Poland as Poles and eventually did are not available,[106] but it is assumed that the vast majority had rather opted and left for Germany by 1960. ; 24 January 1712 17 August 1786) was King in Prussia from 1740 until 1772, and King of Prussia from 1772 until his death in 1786. Subsequently, most of the remaining Germans were expelled to the territories west of the line. WebThe Gleiwitz incident (German: berfall auf den Sender Gleiwitz; Polish: Prowokacja gliwicka) was a false flag attack on the radio station Sender Gleiwitz in Gleiwitz (then Germany and now Gliwice, Poland) staged by Nazi Germany on the night of 31 August 1939. Upper Silesia is situated on the upper Oder River, north of the Eastern Sudetes mountain range and the Moravian Gate, which form the southern border with the historic Moravia region. [4] This page has been viewed 8,745 times (1,445 via redirect). May 1, 1756: France and Austria form an alliance. Why and how were east Brandenburg, Pomerania and [90], There was a simultaneous unorganized resettling of displaced and homeless Poles. [5] In 1945, the eastern territories of Germany as well as Polish areas annexed by Germany were occupied by the Soviet Red Army and communist Polish military forces. 4. Many of them were then transported to the Soviet Union for forced labour. [50] This Treaty of Dresden was signed on 25 December 1745, ending the Second Silesian War between Austria, Saxony and Prussia. WebAccording to the 2002 census, most of the Germans in Poland (92.9%) live in Silesia: 104,399 in the Opole Voivodeship Silesian Voivodeship Lower Silesian Voivodeship, i.e. WebJanuary 16, 1756: Great Britain and Prussia form an alliance. [10] Frederick judged that his dynasty's claims were credible,[1] and he had inherited from his father a large and well trained Prussian army and a healthy royal treasury. [32][33], An Austrian counter-advance into Bohemia engaged Frederick's Prussians on 17 May and was narrowly defeated at the resulting Battle of Chotusitz. [43][45] Soon low supplies forced the Prussians to withdraw into Upper Silesia for the winter. [93], Another problem the Germans and, to a lesser extent, even the newly arrived Poles were facing was an enormous crime wave, most notably theft and rape, committed by gangs not only consisting of regular criminals but also Soviet soldiers, deserters or former forced laborers (Ost-Arbeiter), coming back from the west. Seven Years War - European Conflict, 1756-63 | Britannica WebThe Invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign, Polish Campaign, War of Poland of 1939, and Polish Defensive War of 1939 (1 September 6 October 1939), was a joint attack on the Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Slovak Republic, and the Soviet Union; which marked the beginning of World War II. [32], Representatives of the Polish Government were not present at any of those conferences and felt betrayed by their western Allies who decided about future Polish borders behind their backs. [91] The Soviets kept trains and German workmen regardless of the Polish ambitions and plans. [120], Tomasz Kamusella cites estimates of 7 million expelled during both "wild" and "legal" expulsions from the Recovered Territories (Deutsche Ostgebiete) until 1948. For the provinces of East Prussia (Ostpreussen), Posen, Pomerania (Pommern), Silesia (Schlesien), parts of Brandenburg, and West Prussia (Westpreussen), areas which no longer belong to Germany, the online gazetteer Kartenmeister most efficiently tells you parish information: To use Kartenmeister, simply enter the German name of the town in the search field. [120] An unknown number left without formal registration or was expelled by Soviet military authorities without notifying by Polish officials responsible for statistics. [124], The Polish role in the expulsions could not be contemplated in Poland until the end of the Cold War. Technically, the war reparations of Poland were ceded to the Soviet Union. Find the location of the Catholic or Lutheran (Evangelical) parish that served your ancestor's locality. [92] On September 13, 1946 President Bierut signed a decree on "the exclusion of persons of German nationality from the Polish National Community"[citation needed] The major evictions were completed in 1946, although another 500,000 Germans arrived in the Soviet Zone from Poland in 1947. Fibre Verlag, 2004. [4], In Communist Poland, the expulsions were not to be questioned, and ideologically defended by propaganda. lnzki, lnzoki ( Silesian) Schlesier ( German) lzacy ( Polish) Slezan ( Czech) Flag of Upper Silesia. [8] As a young prince, FrederickIII had secretly agreed to this repossession in return for Leopold's payment of some of his debts,[9] but as monarch he repudiated the agreement and reasserted the old Hohenzollern claims to Jgerndorf and the Silesian Piast heritage. [118], According to the Polish census of 1946, there were still 2,036,400 Germans in the "Recovered Territories", 251,900 in the pre-war Polish territories (primarily eastern Upper Silesia, Pomerelia and Greater Poland) and the former Free City of Danzig, and 417,000 in the process of "verification" as "new" Poles. [17][18], Meanwhile, Prince-Elector Charles Albert of Bavaria and Prince-Elector Frederick AugustusII of Saxony had each married one of Maria Theresa's older cousins from a senior branch of the House of Habsburg, and they used these connections to justify claims to Habsburg territory in the absence of a male heir. In the past it was located within the borders of various countries, becoming part of Poland in 1945, after the end of World War II. A year later, before the Potsdam Conference, the western Allies followed Stalin, recognized the Soviet-sponsored government, which accepted the shift of the borders westwards, and withdrew their recognition for the Polish government-in-exile. TheSilesiaregion was part of the Prussian realm since 1740 and established as an official province in 1815. On September 17, 1939, the Soviet Union invaded eastern Poland, sealing Polands fate. The Polish historians Witold Sienkiewicz and Grzegorz Hryciuk maintain that civilian deaths in the flight and evacuation were between 600,000 and 1.2 million. [121] Except for the use in official anti-German propaganda, the expulsions became a taboo in Polish politics, public, and education for decades. History of the Jews in Austria Universitas, Mnchen, 2001. Klaus Rehbein, Die westdeutsche Oder/Neisse-Debatte: Hintergrnde, Prozess und Ende des Bonner Tabus, LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Mnster, 2005, p.17. [citation needed]. Most of the evacuation efforts commenced in January 1945, when Soviet forces were already at the eastern border of Germany. [122] Though "Wypdzenie", the Polish term for "expulsion", is since widely used officially, in regular linguistic practice it is still an emotionally loaded term, not as it were, something that is being acknowledged, and closely attached to the question of "right" or "wrong". [122], In the first years after the war, the bishop of Katowice Stanisaw Adamski criticized the expulsion of Germans as inhumane. To press Austria further, he repudiated the armistice and renewed offensive operations of his own. Occupying the southwestern part of Poland, Silesia (lsk, pronounced shlonsk in Polish), is a diverse collection of historically powerful cities, industrial engine rooms and low-rising, farm-flanked mountains. Oil was discovered and extracted in Austrian Poland (Galicia).. 2. WebIn 1795 Vilnius passed to Russia in the Third Partition of Poland. Manfred Gebhardt, Joachim Kttner, Dieter Bingen, Jerzy Kochanowski.In Polnischer Gefangenschaft: Deutsche Kriegsgefangene in Polen 1945-1950. Breslau , the principal Silesian city, became Wrocaw . [22][52][53] Hitler and his staff refused to accept Soviet military superiority. In case of children born between September 1939 and December 1950, their place of residence was reported based on the pre-war places of residence of their mothers. Regions with significant populations. [29] Poles wanted to avoid such events in the future and as a result, Polish exile authorities proposed a population transfer of Germans as early as 1941. Nearly all its Germans were forcibly repatriated to Allied-administered West Germany. [83] A number of German war criminals were imprisoned in Polish jails, at least 8,000 remained in jail in 1949, many of them also being POWs. [89], While the Polish administration had set up a State Repatriation Office (Pastwowy Urzd Repatriacyjny, PUR), the bureau and its administrative subunits proved ineffective due to quarrels between Communists and opposition and a lack of equipment for the giant task of expelling Germans and resettling Poles in an area devastated by war. This is the region featured in this article. Occupied enemy territories were regularly taxed and extorted for funds, but large-scale atrocities against civilian populations were rare compared with conflicts in the previous century. If your ancestor was a United States Immigrant, use the information in the Wiki article Germany Finding Town of Origin to find evidence of the name of the town where your ancestors lived in Germany. WebWhy did they come to North Dakota? [38] Churchill spoke against giving Poland control over an area in which some eight million Germans lived. WebSilesia broke with Poland when the Piast dukes of the region refused to join the kingdom Prussia also agreed to take on some of Austria's debts and to remain neutral for the remainder of the ongoing war. [41] Austria renewed its offensive against Bavaria in March 1745, decisively defeating the Franco-Bavarian army at the 15 April Battle of Pfaffenhofen, and making peace with MaximilianIII of Bavaria (the son of the late Emperor Charles Albert) by the Treaty of Fssen on 22 April. Pages 33. Let`s take a look at both reasons individually! People from East Upper Silesia moved into the rest of Silesia. Polish settlers, who themselves had been expelled from areas east of the Curzon Line, arrived with about nothing, putting an even higher pressure on the remaining Germans to leave. These non-Germans were targeted for slave labor and eventual extermination. Just one week later the representatives of the PKWN and the Soviet Union signed a treaty regulating the new Polish-Soviet border. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Culturally German for centuries, Silesia was given to Poland after World War I, fell to the Nazis in 1939, and reverted to Poland after World War II in compensation for the loss of its eastern provinces to the Soviet Union. [108] Aiming to increase the peasantry's ability to contribute to the state's tax base, Maria Theresa issued a series of Robot Patents between 1771 and 1778 restricting forced peasant labour in her German and Bohemian lands, and her son would carry the process further with his Serfdom Patent. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Expansion By mid 1743 Austria recovered control of Bohemia, drove the French back across the Rhine, and occupied Bavaria. [107] The German society of Wabrzych has maintained a continuous existence since 1957.[107]. Territorial evolution of Poland Silesia [49] Meanwhile, another Prussian army under LeopoldI of Anhalt-Dessau advanced into western Saxony, attacking and destroying the main Saxon army in the Battle of Kesselsdorf on 15 December, after which the Prussians occupied Dresden. name of the Lutheran parish, the name of the Catholic parish, and the location of the civil registry office (Standesamt): Follow the instructions in Silesia (Schlesien), German Empire Civil Registration. Geography of Poland Along with some two dozen similar incidents, the attack was manufactured by Germany as a casus belli to [120] Also, especially in 1945, many Germans returned to their former homes and some were expelled more than once. Why did Germany lose so much land [50] After the Red Army had advanced into the eastern parts of post-war Poland in the LublinBrest Offensive, launched on 18 July 1944, Soviet spearheads first reached eastern German territory on 4 August 1944 at northeastern East Prussia and Memelland, causing a first wave of refugees[citation needed]. Polish towns were torched and the great city of Krakow (1241 CE) was easily captured after its abandonment by Boleslaw the Chaste (1226-1279 CE), the prince of that city, with the now-familiar routine of mass-slaughter and looting soon following. After a six-week inquiry, the League decided to split Upper Silesia between The territory of Poland covers approximately 312,696 km 2 (120,733 sq mi), of which 98.52% is land and 1.48% is water. The next Polish Prime Minister, Tomasz Arciszewski claimed that Poland did not "want neither Breslau nor Stettin". 18th-century wars between Prussia and Austria, Evangelical Church in Berlin, Brandenburg and Silesian Upper Lusatia, Silesian Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession, Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Wars&oldid=1159971839, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0. Polish Diplomatic Review. In the former German territories the Soviet authorities did not always distinguish between the Poles and Germans and often treated them alike. [124] Ther says that this was caused on the one hand by censorship, and on the other hand by the interpretation of the registration forms the expellees had signed as acquiescence to "voluntary emigration". [106] Once granted Polish citizenship, they were encouraged to Polonize their names, or to restore their original Polish names if they had been Germanized during the war. The region and former margraviate of Moravia, Morava in Czech, is named after its principal river Morava.It is theorized that the river's name is derived from Proto-Indo-European *mori: "waters", or indeed any word denoting water or a marsh.. Many families were split up along the way. Prussia cited its centuries-old dynastic claims on parts of Silesia as a casus belli, but Realpolitik and geostrategic factors also played a role in provoking the conflict. Silesia also lay along the north-eastern frontier of the Holy Roman Empire, allowing its controller to limit the influence of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth and of the Russian Empire within Germany. [22] Armies were generally unable to sustain combat operations during winter and normally established winter quarters in the cold season, resuming their campaigns with the return of spring. Province of Silesia - Wikipedia Periodically, they could be 10% of inmates. This stereotype hits especially close to home for us as we do live and work in Katowice, Silesia, after all. [44], After Sikorski's death, the next Polish Prime Minister Stanisaw Mikoajczyk in a letter to Roosevelt expressed his concerns about the idea of compensating Poland in the west. Silesian Uprisings - Wikipedia Upper Silesia, protested the German delegation, had not belonged to Poland since 1163 (Foreign Relations, The Paris Peace Conference, 1919, vi, 833). The German population fled or was expelled from all regions which are currently within the territorial boundaries of Poland: including the former eastern territories of Germany annexed by Poland after the war and parts of pre-war Poland; despite acquiring territories from Germany, the Poles themselves were also expelled from the former eastern territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union. The Teutonic Knights Formed during the Third Crusade (after the death of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa), the Teutonic Order of Knights were established to protect Christian pilgrims and care for the sick and injured. [citation needed], According to Kacowicz, about 3.5 million people had fled before the organized expulsions began, mainly driven by fear of the advancing Soviet Army, between seven hundred and eight hundred thousand Germans were affected by the "wild" expulsions, and another three millions were expelled in 1946 and 1947. The Schleswig plebiscites were two plebiscites, organized according to section XII, articles 100 to 115 of the Treaty of Versailles of 28 June 1919, in order to determine the future border between Denmark and Germany through the former Duchy of Schleswig. Lebensborn Webv. Prussia emerged from the Silesian Wars as a new European great power and the leading state of Protestant Germany, while Catholic Austria's defeat by a lesser German power significantly damaged the House of Habsburg's prestige. Ulf Brunnbauer, Michael G. Esch, Holm Sundhaussen, Definitionsmacht, Utopie, Vergeltung: "ethnische Suberungen" im stlichen Europa des 20. [66] Meanwhile, Russian and Swedish invasions from the east and north divided Prussia's forces. In Waukesha County, 9.2 percent of the population was listed as Polish in 2010. Use the Kartenmeister Gazetteer to determine the Polish name and Voivodeship of your formerly German town. At first this was accepted by both Poland and Germany. Archivalien und ausgewhlte Erlebnisberichte.. Bonn: Kulturstiftung der deutschen Vertriebenen. [39] The next day Churchill warned Stalin: "The Poles are driving the Germans out of the Russian zone. [82] In late 1760 the Russians and Austrians briefly occupied Berlin,[83] and on 3November the main Prussian and Austrian armies fought the Battle of Torgau, a narrow Prussian victory that proved costly for both sides. Many areas of German were given to Poland, and the German citizens were expelled. Jewish History from 1650 - 1914. [21] Since February 11, refugees were shipped not only to German ports, but also to German occupied Denmark, based on an order issued by Hitler on 4 February. In 1761 the Habsburg monarchy implemented newly centralised administrative and policymaking bodies to streamline what had often been a chaotic executive process. Why [21] According to the West German Schieder commission of 1953, the civilian death toll was 2 million. WebGermany won 60% of the votes, but Poland argued that many of those that voted for Germany did not live in Upper Silesia. [105] Defeat in the first two Silesian Wars at the hands of an enemy so apparently inferior created a strong impetus for change within the Habsburg monarchy, resulting in the first wave of Theresian reforms: a broad restructuring of the Habsburg administration and military, and a total realignment of Habsburg foreign policy through the "Diplomatic Revolution". The Silesian Wars (German: Schlesische Kriege) were three wars fought in the mid-18th century between Prussia (under King Frederick the Great) and Habsburg Austria (under Empress Maria Theresa) for control of the Central European region of Silesia (now in south-western Poland). Yale University Press, 2012. [1] Research by the West German government put the figure of Germans emigrating from Poland from 1951 to 1982 at 894,000; they are also considered expellees under German Federal Expellee Law. Philipp Ther, Deutsche und polnische Vertriebene: Gesellschaft und Vertriebenenpolitik in SBZ/DDR und in Polen 1945-1956, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1998, p.306, Przyczenie lska Opolskiego do Polski (1945-1948), Instytut Studiw Politycznych PAN, Warszawa 1996 Prof. dr hab.
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