Assoc. About ScienceDirect The 10 wt.% of the diesel blend reduced CO emissions to 348.5ppm, a 38% reduction, and the 34.8% reduction of CO emissions represents the 15 wt.% of H2O2 in the diesel blend. : Formal analysis. An official website of the United States government. A. Muhammad Saad Khan, Hassan, Z. Bin & Iqbal, A. Khalife, E., Tabatabaei, M., Demirbas, A. The loaded generator required more power and more fuel and air intake to be combusted, thus consequently higher the rate of CO emission. Sci. Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for The diesel fuel has less NO emission because the diesel fuel contains no oxygen content. VOC (as CH4) 20 - 100 ppm-vol Particulates *) Journals & Nevertheless, more experimentation is needed to explain the impact of a 5% H2O2/diesel blend on CO2 emissions. AIP Conference Proceedings 1621, 763. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4898553 (2014). Commercial grade H2O2 (30%) was obtained from the Chemical Company of Malaysia Berhad (CCM). However, all H2O2/diesel blend shows almost 2041% lower exhaust temperature of the loaded generator. 28, 101509 (2021). Please enable Cookies and reload the page. This analyzer meets the requirements of the US EPA CTM 034 reference method with a maximum deviation of the detection limit within 2ppm for exhaust gases and unburned hydrocarbons from 0.1 ppm66. Journals & Manag. Grid search is one of the most widely used parameter optimisation algorithms in machine learning [. The measurement of diesel exhaust emissions in this study was conducted with the Lancom 4Portable Combustion and Stack Emissions Gas Analyzer. & Topalc, . As discussed earlier, exhaust emissions are one of the most significant problems associated with diesel fuel and thoughtfully contribute to environmental pollution. Emission Standards: USA: Nonroad Diesel Engines Moujdin, I.A., Khan, M.S., Abulkhair, H.A. Catalua, R. & Da Silva, R. Effect of cetane number on specific fuel consumption and particulate matter and unburned hydrocarbon emissions from diesel engines. In addition, the SD is reduced for the H2O2/diesel blends because of the higher molar mass contents of hydrogen in the emulsifier. Influence of hydrogenated diesel/H2O2 blend fuel on diesel engine performance and exhaust emission characterization. Mater. 1 ppm vol. The reaction rate of NO oxidation can be accelerated by catalysts. Tingas, EAl. With 10 iterations of training and validation, the average of all test results is taken as the final models predictive performance. Energies 15, 4047 (2022). The column with the blue arrow indicates which column your table is sorted by. The current section of the study investigates engine performance using a convenient parameter of specific fuel consumption (SFC) and a comparison of the RD and H2O2/diesel blend fuel. Google Scholar. Kasper et al.68 also investigated the significance of H2O2 on the decomposition and reduction of nitrogen-based emissions; they have experimentally demonstrated that NOx can be oxidized to NO and NO2 in the gas phase by OH radicals generated by the thermal decomposition of H2O2. Contact and A.O.A. Catal. "Insights into the Fusion Correction Algorithm for On-Board NOx Sensor Measurement Results from Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles" Energies 16, no. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. The reason may be due to the relatively lower calorific value of H2O2/diesel fuel than the RD fuel discussed in our previous study44. : Methodology, Formal analysis, Writingreview and editing. Khan, M. S., Ahmed, I., Mutalib, A. The blend contains 15 wt.% H2O2, revealing a significant reduction in exhaust temperature without considering the engine's performance. Hypothetically, the least emulsified fuel probably has a significant role in reducing SD. Then, based on this, a regression algorithm was employed to establish the mapping relationship between the OBNS and PEMS tests, enabling accurate correction of the sensor concentration measurements. Liu, J., Li, G. & Liu, S. Influence of ethanol and cetane number (CN) improver on the ignition delay of a direct-injection diesel engine. future research directions and describes possible research applications. Therefore, this research analysed the measurement characteristics of the OBNS during the actual driving process of heavy-duty vehicles using machine learning techniques and provided insights into the multilayer perceptron (MLP)random forest regression (RFR) fusion correction algorithm for OBNS measurement results. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16166082, Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals, You can make submissions to other journals. CAS 10 shows that Therefore, H2O2 likely invariably reduces soot and PM emissions in diesel. Recent limitations of sulfur contents in clean diesel fuel11,12. About ScienceDirect In light of the current requirements as regards the reduction of pollutant emissions of automotive Diesel engines such like EURO 6 in Europe, manufacturers have to develop new in-cylinder strategies and/or aftertreatment devices [1].With the ; Feist, M.D. Bioref. Comparison of specific fuel consumption efficiency of various quantities of H2O2/diesel fuel blends. Flores Fernndez, A.; Snchez Morales, E.; Botsch, M.; Facchi, C.; Garca Higuera, A. 340, 130854 (2022). 109, 7077 (2013). Energy 30, 313322 (2005). Wu, G., Ge, J. C. & Choi, N. J. Das, S., Kashyap, D., Kalita, P., Kulkarni, V. & Itaya, Y. Therefore, this study will make an effort to contribute to the ongoing research for greener diesel fuel and to curtail the harmful greenhouse impact of conventional diesel fuel, which can contribute to reducing carbon and greenhouse emission goals. Renew. Such negligible deficiency could be revealed due to their higher combustion efficiency and effective oxygen content in the diesel blend fuel, which is perhaps a good agreement for early combustion efficiency compared to RD diesel. Thus, this experimental study demonstrated that 5 and 10 wt.% of H2O2 in diesel blend fuels could be best suggested after physicochemical, thermal, and exhaust emission characterization. Reducing diesel exhaust emissions by optimisation of alcohol oxygenates blend with diesel/biodiesel. Increased restrictions on diesel fuel have had a considerable consequence on scouring up the exhaust. & Cabezas, J. The sliding window size was 30 s, and the sliding step was 5 s. The measurement delay of each window dataset was calculated using Equation (1) to represent the time delay differences of the OBNS. 26, 45704587 (2019). Editors Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. A comparative assessment of performance and emission characteristics of a DI diesel engine fuelled with ternary blends of two higher alcohols with lemongrass oil biodiesel and diesel fuel. Hence, future research efforts could address these issues and comprehensively consider various interfering factors and alternative algorithm choices to achieve a more precise and reliable NOx data correction method. This work was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFC3703600). ; Li, Z.; He, L.; Hao, J. Characterizing particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from diesel vehicles using a portable emissions measurement system. On-board nitrogen oxide sensors (OBNS) are one of the most important data sources for the remote monitoring of actual driving emissions in heavy-duty diesel vehicles. Total Environ. On-board monitoring (OBM) for heavy-duty vehicle emissions in China: Regulations, early-stage evaluation, and policy recommendations. Within the 911000 ppm concentration range, the relative measurement error was optimised from 35% to 17%, providing a reliable solution to improve the accuracy of the OBNS. Internet Explorer). The tested vehicle was equipped with a current-type NOx sensor (EGS-NX2, BOSCH, Stuttgart, Germany), which utilises the Nernst equation and the limiting current principle to indirectly calculate the NOx content in the exhaust gas by measuring the oxygen concentration generated through the decomposition of NOx. A.A.S. In general, higher density and lower viscosity lead to higher flow; thus, these findings suggested that the lower viscosity of diesel/H2O2 blend fuel could succeed in lowering fuel injection with an early ignition time47,73, which could result in a good agreement in the reduction of unburned hydrocarbons and NOx. Zhang, S.; Zhao, P.; He, L.; Yang, Y.; Liu, B.; He, W.; Cheng, Y.; Liu, Y.; Liu, S.; Hu, Q.; et al. Khan, M. S. et al. The proportion of NO2 in total NOx in turbocharged diesel engines (without aftertreatment) is typically higher, reaching up to about 15%. Similar results are also observed in loaded generators, and the CO2 emission exhibits higher content but is lower than the RD diesel emission, either loaded or unloaded generator. In the concentration range of 911000 ppm, the relative measurement error of the sensor decreased from 35% to 17%. GUIDE to DIESEL EXHAUST EMISSIONS CONTROL of J. Mech. Resulting in form of complete combustion with reduced acidic gas formations (Cox, SOx and NOx). Over the last decade, Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) emissions have garnered significantly greater attention due to the worldwide emphasis on sustainable development strategies. At low temperature and pressure, the chemical equilibrium moves to the left side of Equation (1). Energy Sour. An AVL smoke meter is used to estimate the smoke capacity. Liu, F.; Guan, Y.; Dai, M.; Zhang, H.; Guan, Y.; Sun, R.; Liang, X.; Sun, P.; Liu, F.; Lu, G. High-Performance Mixed-Potential Type NO, Bhardwaj, A.; Bae, H.; Namgung, Y.; Lim, J.; Song, S.J. D 215, 8393 (2001). Note that a global sulfur cap of 3.50 weight percent applies outside of ECA boundaries. Bunker fuel burned on these ships was a large source of harmful air pollution in the U.S. An international treaty designated two Emission Control Areas (ECA) covering U.S. waters. Copyright (2000) Mechanistic Modeling of Nitrite Accumulation and Thermal evaluation of diesel/hydrogen peroxide fuel blend. PETRONAS Sdn Bhd provided reference diesel fuel. Therefore, this research initially proposes the MLP-RFR fusion correction model for correcting the OBNS, as illustrated in. Sustain. : Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writingoriginal draft. Moreover, these studies also revealed lower specific fuel consumption, particulate matter, smoke density, nitrogen oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons compared to diesel fuel on its own or mixed with emulsified fuel51. All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. During the preparation of diesel/H2O2 fuel blends, the amount of PSP emulsifier was kept at 5 vol %, and the volume ratios of H2O2 to RD varied in the range of 515 wt.%. & Venu, H. NOx emission reduction techniques in biodiesel-fuelled CI engine: A review. Pollut. Insights of selective catalytic reduction technology for nitrogen oxides control in marine engine applications. Overview: OFFROAD Model - California Air Resources Board Renew. The higher exhaust temperature of RD fuel was revealed due to the higher heat of evaporation and delayed combustion process of lean diesel. Once an additive is inserted as an adjunct, a sudden reduction in fuel properties is observed, especially in the number of cetanes drops significantly51. 711 (2018). Effect of ethanolDiesel blend fuels on emission and particle size distribution in a common-rail direct injection diesel engine with warm-up catalytic converter. Res. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. 8, 6575 (2012). Today Proc. interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. Rolston ABSTRACT Nitrite (NO~-) accumulation in soil following nitrogen (N) fertilizer application has been observed under a variety of conditions. Int. At low NO concentrations on the order of a few ppmwhich can be representative of exposures to engine emissionsa number of days may be required to achieve a substantial level of conversion to NO2. 2023. and JavaScript. The PEMS device used in this research was a gas analyser (M.O.V.E, AVL, Graz, Austria), which adopts the NDUV analysis method to measure the volumetric concentrations of NO and NOx in the exhaust. Ribeiro, N. et al. Although reference diesel has very low emissions of NOx (12ppm), the 5 and 10 wt.% of H2O2 in the diesel blend decreased its formation to 9 and 5.8ppm, respectively. From 2007 to 2014, low sulfur diesel fuel (specified at 500 ppm) and ULSD fuel was phased in for nonroad, locomotive, and marine (NRLM) diesel fuel. Wang, Y.; Yin, H.; Wang, J.; Hao, C.; Xu, X.; Wang, Y.; Yang, Z.; Hao, L.; Tan, J.; Wang, X.; et al. The findings of this research could significantly help to achieve the effective remote monitoring of emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles. Over the last decade, Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) emissions have garnered significantly greater attention due to the worldwide emphasis on sustainable development strategies. Nevertheless, based on the supplementary molar mass of C14H24O9/C3H6O as an emulsifier accumulation with H2O2. In the laboratory, it may be synthesized directly from nitrogen and oxygen under high temperature and pressure: The negative heat effect represents an endothermic reaction. Furthermore, the stability of diesel/H2O2 is higher, secondary combustion is reduced, and combustion performance is enhanced. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. World J. WebOxide Gas Emissions during Nitrification R.T. Venterea* and D.E. WebEnvironmental Benefit and Cost Background Emission standards for nonroad (or off-road) engines and vehicles are set by the US EPA. The air is then compressed and heated before diesel fuel is fed into the cylinder. Reducing NOx, COx, and CxHy in exhaust emission is a significant agreement to justify the temperature reduction60,73. From the chemical point of view, there are several other nitrogen oxides. The results summarize the reduced average exhaust emissions concentrations of the loaded and unloaded generator at maximum power (see Fig. Prod. Biofuels Bioprod. Energy 171, 795808 (2019). The calculation formula is as follows: In the concentration deviation correction model of the OBNS, the MSE and coefficient of determination (. Ahmed, S. T. Effect of fuel cetane number on multi-cylinders direct injection diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions. Reduced emissions of CO, SO2, and unburned hydrocarbons along with NOx were achieved as the H2O2 content of the fuel blend was slightly increased. The system is more suited for hot and arid circumstances because it is air-cooled, so there is no need for a radiator, water body, or pump. Moreover, our previous studies have demonstrated that the emulsifier used in H2O2 and diesel prevented the phase rift between diesel and H2O2, as seen in Fig. 11 and has been modified with four Philips 32150-5 1000W high-intensity discharge lamps to investigate the engine load test. The load on the generator was measured using a Digital Generator Current Voltage Power Energy Meter (QV05 MK 11-380; S/N 36220526). Saravanan, S., Nagarajan, G., Lakshmi Narayana Rao, G. & Sampath, S. Combustion characteristics of a stationary diesel engine fuelled with a blend of crude rice bran oil methyl ester and diesel. Generation of Correction Data for Autonomous Driving by Means of Machine Learning and On-Board Diagnostics. During the experiments, the altitude ranged from 0 to 200 m above sea level. Ser. Moreover, different classification algorithms were employed to construct the measurement delay identification models by using the calculated measurement delay, (5) The measurement delay of the OBNS was predicted for different sliding windows using the measurement delay identification model. 24, 125164 (1998). Ashok and Saravan51 also reported similar observations for the \({\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}\) added emulsified fuel because of the presence of excess oxygen. 344, 012026 (2018). The experimental study also revealed that the increased H2O2 contents in the diesel significantly enhanced the cetane number of fuel blends. Perhaps the calorific value of the H2O2/diesel blend fuel scarcely lowered because of the lower energy contents of the fuel blends, despite all significances being agreeably within the scope of diesel fuel47,61. Decreased CO, SO2, unburned hydrocarbons, and NO2 were also observed as percentages of H2O2. Also, Fig. Despite having relatively lower heating values, all H2O2/diesel blend fuels had lower SFC than RD fuel. 0.1: Download : Download high-res image (303KB) Download : Download full-size image; Fig. As a consequence, good performance in correcting low-concentration NOx data was demonstrated by the model. The remaining 10% of the data served as the testing set solely for evaluating the models generalisation performance. The ignition delay for H2O2/diesel fuel diminishes, resulting in a low exhaust temperature13,44,72. Reducing particulate matter (PM) and \({\mathrm{NO}}_{\mathrm{X}}\) particularly in the Euro VI standards simultaneously is problematic owing to a converse relationship between \({\mathrm{NO}}_{\mathrm{X}}\) and PM18. Effect of advanced biofuels on WLTC emissions of a Euro 6 diesel vehicle with SCR under different climatic conditions. Experimental study on particulate and NOx emissions of a diesel engine fueled with ultra low sulfur diesel, RME-diesel blends and PME-diesel blends. A lock (LockA locked padlock) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. It also suggests that adequate SFC of the H2O2/diesel blends is perhaps found because of the presence of stable high oxygen contents in the diesel blend. SCR uses a monolith catalyst to convert NOx into water (H2O) and diatomic nitrogen (N2)7. This decreased ignition delay is understandably evident due to the role of O and OH radicals produced by the immediate decomposition of H2O257,58. Aust. ; Alabrah, A.; Ashraf, Z.; Ahmed, M.N. Diesel fuel partially mixes with ethanol, but solubility is affected due to the difference in surface tensions for both liquids. Hofmann, L.; Rusch, K.; Fischer, S.; Lemire, B. Giamp, A.; Petri, E.; Saponara, S.; Terreni, P. Sensor Modeling and Fusion Algorithms for NOx Measures towards Zero Emissions Vehicles. The results of a portable gas analyzer at a full-speed (2989rpm) diesel engine unloaded and load generator showed the influence of \({\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}\) on the fuel blends emission of sulfur dioxide (SO2). Zhang, S.; Wu, Y.; Hu, J.; Huang, R.; Zhou, Y.; Bao, X.; Fu, L.; Hao, J. For instance, the training data primarily originated from the low concentration range of NOx data (<90 ppm) when the emission state of the test vehicle was relatively favourable. : Reviewing and Editing, Funding. Hydrocarbon emissions from diesel engine exhaust are also essential pollutants. WebNitrogen oxides NOx: 1000 - 1500 ppm-vol Sulphur oxides SOx 30 - 900 ppm-vol: Fuel composition related Carbon monoxide CO 20 - 150 ppm-vol Total Hydrocarbons THC (as CH4) 20 - 100 ppm-vol Volatile org.comp. most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. In the measurement delay correction model of the OBNS, accuracy is used as the evaluation metric for the models prediction accuracy. Nevertheless, unburned hydrocarbon emissions were well below those from pure diesel fuel. Kim, Y.-H.; Ha, J.-H.; Yoon, Y.; Kim, N.-Y. 8, 5778 (1996). Zhu, L., Zhang, W., Liu, W. & Huang, Z. 26, 883890 (2009). 2020 A https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2021.1910754 (2021). Then, based on the prediction results, the delay-corrected data for the measurement delay (. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Electron. Rakopoulos, D. C. et al. H2O2 demonstrated a 1.5 to nearly 5.2% reduction in SFC when compared to 5 wt.% H2O2/diesel and RD fuel, respectively. Renew. Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. 2020 Further production of NO2 according to Equation (2) occurs spontaneouslyalbeit at a slower ratein the NO-air mixture after exhaust gases are discharged into the atmosphere. A subsequent study conducted by Golovitchev & Piliaf57 also found enhanced methane auto-ignition with H2O2 that was more resilient than lean hydrogen gas. Environ. 407, 124369 (2021). The authors declare no competing interests. Particulate reduction will most likely be due to a good agreement in the combination of acetone and H2O2 in diesel fuel, which may act as an oxidizing agent to keep the combustion chamber clean. In this experimental study, specific effects from the addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to diesel fuel were systematically observed for various compositions of fuel blends to discover an optimal blend that best enhances the performance of diesel fuel exhaust emissions. 2023; 16(16):6082. The reduction of NOx formation caused by the combination of higher cetane number and water content reduces the diesel engines temperature13,43,51. Scrage70 and Koc71 reported similar results, which increased the water and oxygen contents while decreasing NOx and CO2, but the CO2 reduction is not yet significant. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. Those datasets had a five-dimensional feature: Machine learning is a method to study algorithms and select one by comparing the performances of the algorithms. The results show that the measurement errors of the On-board Nitrogen oxide Sensors (OBNS) were reduced significantly after the MLP-RFR fusion algorithm was corrected. The Koc and Abdullah71 justification could be a good agreement in the case of 5% of H2O2 in the diesel fuel blends, but the increment gap is not large with the RD diesel emission of CO2. AGENCY: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA) Liu, W., Qi, Y., Zhang, R., Zhang, Q. The RD fuel shows higher CxHy content emissions in unloaded and loaded generator exhaust. They have reported that H2O2 can be used as a fuel or an oxidizer when reacting with other fuels, particularly in combustion chambers. ztrk, E. & Can, . Kim, H. & Choi, B. Influence of hexanol/hydrogen additives with diesel fuel from CRDI diesel engine with exhaust gas recirculation technique: A special focus on performance, combustion, gaseous and emission species. In addition, Martinez & Cabezas59 determined that concentrations of unburned hydrocarbons (NOx and CO) from an industrial pilot plant scale combustion chamber fueled with natural gas were significantly lowered by the injection of a few hundred ppm of H2O2. & Wu, Y. Mitigation potential of black carbon emissions from on-road vehicles in China. Fuel containing a higher cetane number enhances the combustion process during operation16. Technol. The effect of biodiesel on activity of diesel oxidation catalyst and selective catalytic reduction catalysts in diesel engine. 117, 109485 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/en16166082, Wu C, Pei Y, Liu C, Bai X, Jing X, Zhang F, Qin J. Murayama, T., Fujhvara, Y. Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly 8 summarizes the results of the comparison. Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. ; Shameem, M.; Abdelsalam, A. Taud, H.; Mas, J.F.
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