how do resilience researchers define external adaptation?

Portions of this paper were presented at the 104th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, August 913, 1996. As indicated earlier, studies using variable-based approaches rely on either main effect or interaction effect associations to detect protective factors. The role of ego-control and ego resiliency in the organization of behavior. For example, if religious faith were the protective factor in question, possible underlying mechanisms might include (1) increases in informal supports, and (2) reductions in dysfunctional coping patterns (e.g., alcohol use) for negotiating everyday stressors (Brody, Stoneman, & Flor, 1996; Luthar, 1999). Realization of the potential embodied by this construct, however, will remain constrained without continued scientific attention to some of the serious conceptual and methodological pitfalls that have been noted by skeptics and proponents alike. Resilience Resilience refers to a dynamic process encompassing positive adaptation within the context of significant adversity. Parental attitudes or parental behaviors? Webpositive psychological well-being. Additionally, when existing developmental theories are applied in studying resilience, there needs to be explicit conceptual consideration of how interrelations among the matrix of constructs examined may be affected by the nature of the specific adversity condition under study. Rende R, Plomin R. Families at risk for psychopathology: Who becomes affected and why? Such attention to underlying mechanisms is viewed as essential for advancing theory and research in the field, as well as for designing appropriate prevention and intervention strategies for individuals facing adversity (Cicchetti & Toth, 1991, 1992; Luthar, 1993; Masten et al., 1990; Rutter, 1990). Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Psychological Resilience Whereas discussing such findings as correlates of positive adjustment may be scientifically parsimonious in some ways, retaining resilience as a distinct notion serves parsimony in other respects: Doing so excludes from consideration a sizable body of evidence of questionable relevance. We conclude that work on resilience possesses substantial potential for augmenting the understanding of processes affecting at-risk individuals. Baldwin AL, Baldwin CP, Cole R. Stress-resistant families and stress-resistant children. Yet resilience can be achieved at any point in the life cycle (cf. Additionally, these studies show that, such an unstructured approach to resilience research makes it possible to uncover unique responses and adaptations, which can signify resilience in a given context. As work in the area evolved, however, researchers increasingly acknowledged that resilience may often derive from factors external to the child. The notion of resilience represents a helpful heuristic in developmental science, for it provides a framework for thinking about development that differs from many classical theories (Luthar, 1996). Even though risk markers themselves do not cause negative outcomes, they are valuable in terms of signaling potential processes that do causally affect outcomes (Cichetti & Rogosch, in press; O'Connor & Rutter, 1996). With the accumulation of empirical findings over time, there is a need for periodic scholarly integration of evidence on protective processes, with a consolidation of those that inhere across diverse approaches to operationalizing risk and competence versus those largely unique to particular groups or research designs. Also relevant vis--vis concerns about subjective perceptions is the capacity of objectively determined risk status in itself to allow the identification of salient protective factors (O'Connor and Rutter, 1996). Primary prevention in psychopathology: Social competence in children. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted In future research, it is vital that resilience investigators ensure high fidelity between the theoretical underpinnings of their work and the specific criteria they select to operationalize successful adaptation within particular at-risk samples. Resilience is the strength to overcome such crisis situations, and the importance of the ability of nurses to overcome these global medical crises is increasingly being emphasized . Luthar SS. by. We concur with Rigsby's (1994, p. 91) assertion that accumulation of more correlates of resilience and failure will not be helpful if it is done outside the context of serious theory building in human development. We likewise agree with Kaplan (1999, p. 75) that a powerful theoretical framework would be one that consists of variables that are distantly related to the outcome, variables that are the result of those distantly related variables and that are more closely related to the outcomes, and variables that moderate the effects of the variables that are more distally or proximally related to the outcome variable of interest.. Pap A. Reductionsentences and open concepts. Resilience and Resiliency. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. WebResilience has been most frequently defined as positive adaptation despite adversity. By contrast, several researchers use the term protective to refer to direct ameliorative effects. While resilience may refer to a general capacity to thrive in challenging circumstances, there is increasing interest evident in the literature towards delineating domain-specific forms. Energy system resilience. Resilience among at-risk youth: Ephemeral, elusive, or robust? Main effects can be distinguished from the more complex interactive processes through the use of more elaborated labels for the latter, which simultaneously indicate both the existence and directionality of interactive processes in resilience. Resilience Maier S, Watkins L. Cytokines for psychologists: Implications of bidirectional immune-to-brain communication for understanding behavior, mood, and cognition. Voelker S, Shore D, Hakim-Larson J, Bruner D. Discrepancies in parent teacher ratings of adaptive behavior of children with multiple disabilities. Definition For example, Masten (2014), a In future research, it would be useful to strive for greater congruence between the intuitive connotations of central terms and the patterns to which they are used to refer. The construct of resilience can be used to better understand college students who successfully navigate emerging adulthood after the death of a parent. Rigsby L. The Americanization of resilience: Deconstructing research practice. Cicchetti D. Child maltreatment: Implications for developmental theory. In: Rolf JE, Masten AS, Cicchetti D, Nuechterlein KH, Weintraub S, editors. Evaluations of interventions for at-risk families, as well as longitudinal research on resilience, have identified multiple pathways in which regulatory processes mediate the relation between adversity and adaptation. Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA. research Rutter M. Protective factors in children's responses to stress and disadvantage. Understanding processes contributing to positive adjustment under conditions of adversity can help to broaden the understanding of developmental processes that may not be evident in good enough normative environments. It is based on experiences in sub-Saharan Africa through the Future Climate For Africa (FCFA) applied research programme. It derives from supportive relationships, adaptive capacities, and positive experiences. Besides being misinformed and unwarranted, such perspectives do little to illuminate processes underlying resilience or to guide the design of appropriate interventions (Masten et al., 1990; Reynolds, 1998; Tarter & Vanyukov, 1999). In recent years, several scholars have explicated ways in which their studies of diverse atypical trajectories have led to expanded theories of normal human development (see Cicchetti & Cohen, 1995; Luthar, Burack, Cicchetti, & Weisz, 1997). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. Read the full disclaimer. Dumas JE, Wekerle C. Maternal reports and child behavior problems and personal distress as predictors of dysfunctional parenting. In fact, there are usually important lessons to be learned by contrasting findings based on different raters (Achenbach, 1993; Voelker, Shore, Hakim-Larson, & Bruner, 1997). Cicchetti & Tucker, 1994; Luthar, 1999), and there is a need for additional work on at-risk individuals' achievement of positive outcomes in later life (cf. Resiliency Theory: A Strengths-Based Approach to Research a motivating force and intuitive process by which individuals rely on an innate moral framework that facilitates energy and the experience of control and freedom. Additional confusion between process versus trait may derive from the occasional use of the term resilient children, even by scholars who conceptualize resilience as a dynamic process (e.g., Masten et al., 1990; Rutter, 1993; Werner, 1984). Discussing a somewhat similar notion, Sarason (1993, p. 260) cautioned, Empowerment has become a fashionable word. In Werner and Smith's research (1982, 1992), for example, protective variables were simply those that distinguished high-functioning children at risk from those who developed serious problems. Academic resilience Rutter M. Resilience: Some conceptual considerations. Positive Adaptation to Life Conditions. 1In point of fact, the trait of ego-resiliency may often be implicated in the process of resilience, serving substantial protective functions among individuals facing adversity (see Block, 1993; Cicchetti & Rogosch, 1997; Cicchetti, Rogosch, Lynch, & Holt, 1993). WebResilience research. Vulnerable but invincible: A study of resilient children. She writes: Resilience can be broadly defined as the capacity of a WebThis open access book highlights the complexities around making adaptation decisions and building resilience in the face of climate risk. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines. WebIntroduction. WebAbstract This paper presents a critical appraisal of resilience, a construct connoting the maintenance of positive adaptation by individuals despite experiences of significant The science of prevention. 2011).In line with this general definition, academic resilience refers to the capacity of students to perform well in school despite a disadvantaged background (OECD 2011) or more precisely the Our second conclusion, in some ways, constitutes a significant caveat to the first, that is, there is clearly a need for resilience researchers to enhance the scientific rigor of their work. During the last two decades, the focus of empirical work also has shifted away from identifying protective factors to understanding underlying protective processes. 2. Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology: Vol. During the first wave of research, controversies emerged about how to define resilience and many of these debates concerned the criteria for adaptation by which resilience would be judged (see Masten & Reed, 2002 or Luthar et al., 2000 for overviews of these debates). Journal for Child Psychiatry and Psychology. When findings on resilience are based on a small number of children and on interactive (rather than main) effect models, possible limits to the stability of findings must be clearly stated. In: Rolf J, Masten AS, Cicchetti D, Nuechterlein KG, Weintraub S, editors. All sciences are built upon classifications that structure their domains of inquiry. Considering this, which of the following individuals Anchored within social stratification theory, this model posits that eight major constructs affect the development of minority children: social position variables (e.g., race, gender); racism and discrimination; segregation (residential and psychological); promoting/inhibiting environments (e.g., school and health care); adaptive culture (traditions and legacies); child characteristics such as age or temperament; family values and beliefs; and children's developmental competencies. Building developmental and etiological theory through epidemiologically based preventive intervention trials. WebWhich set of human strengths, according to Seligman, are the most likely buffers against human strengths? Rather, it is used to refer to the two coexisting conditions of resiliencethe presence of threat to a given child's well-being and evidence of positive adaptation in this child, despite the adversity encountered (cf. Although resilience has been increasingly recognized as a distinct domain of inquiry (Cicchetti, 1989, 1993; Masten et al., 1990), its continued vitality and impact necessitate concerted efforts to reach consensus on pivotal terms within major models (Rolf & Johnson, 1990; Rutter, 1990). (1996). Gest et al., 1999)the number of resilient children in a particular sample could be far from trivial (Cicchetti & Rogosch, 1997). In her study on nursing students, Stephens proposed that developing, nurturing or enhancing resilience can be achieved through purposeful interventions and educational efforts to enhance protective factors (p. 130).Where nurses Evidence that at-risk children excel within particular adjustment domains should never obscure the possibility of significant problems within other spheres. McAdoo HP. To illustrate, Dubois and colleagues found that the salutary effects of support from school staff were more pronounced among poor youth than others, which suggests that for children facing multiple adversities, the relative dearth of positive experiences outside school may render those that occur within school even more salient (DuBois, Felner, Brand, Adan, & Evans, 1992; DuBois, Felner, Meares, & Krier, 1994). resilience Preventing antisocial behavior: Interventions from birth through adolescence. In: Rutter M, Izard C, Read P, editors. Again, whether the child is among the most popular students in the class would be comparatively lower on the hierarchy of outcomes in identifying resilient trajectories. In: Wang MC, Gordon EW, editors. Garmezy N. Resilience in children's adaptation to negative life events and stressed environments. Three basic questions have shaped the research on resilience. Resilience One of the challenges of this extant body of work is that the central concept of resilience is rarely questioned. Organizational resilience: a capability-based conceptualization Adaptability and Resilience Egeland, Carlson, & Sroufe (1993) have shown that among at-risk children, positive adaptation during infancy and toddlerhood is related to competent functioning during the elementary school years. From an initial The role of children's future expectations in self-system functioning and adjustment to life stress: A prospective study of urban at-risk children. The vague definition is found to be the most common critique of the resilience concept [ 52 ]. Egeland B, Erickson MF. When the stressor entails severe to catastrophic events (e.g., see Gest, Reed, & Masten, 1999; Masten et al., 1999), the maintenance of near-average functioning should suffice. These core questions are presented in Table 1, along with examples of the constructs that were measured to address these questions. Uploaded By Resilience reflects the ability to bounce back, to beat the odds and is considered an asset in human characteristic terms. WebThe past 15-20 years have seen an abundance of resilience research examining resilience to diverse types of adversity across the adult life-span. Energy system resilience WebDefinition Risk or adversity Term How do resilience researchers define external. Gordon EW, Song LD. Furthermore, such studies should be designed such that they permit the use of both person-oriented and variable-oriented statistical procedures, as these approaches often yield substantively different sets of insights and conclusions (Bergman & Magnusson, 1997; Cicchetti & Rogosch, 1996; Luthar & Cushing, 1999). Results of these diverse investigations indicate that resilience is not necessarily a transient or ephemeral phenomenon (Luthar, 1998). WebThe Construct of Resilience. The role of developmental theory in prevention and intervention. Sound parental mental health. There also is value in cross-disciplinary research integrating insights from developmental psychology with expertise from anthropology, sociology, and cultural psychology. Changes in emotional resilience: Gifted adolescent boys. If different studies with diverse methods yielded largely consonant findings on particular aspects of parenting, it would be reasonable to infer that they each tapped into the same broad scientific construct (cf. Luthar SS, Cushing G. Measurement issues in the empirical study of resilience: An overview. The role of biological factors in resilience is also suggested by evidence on neural, neuroendocrine, and immune system functions in relation to stress reactivity (Maier & Watkins, 1998; McEwen & Stellar, 1993), and in behaviorgenetic research on nonshared environment effects (Plomin, Rende, & Rutter, 1991; Rende & Plomin, 1993). Cicchetti D, Toth SL. In any study, the number of individuals classified as resilient will depend on the criteria used to define high stress and high competence. WebGuiding the world in resilience research. Achieving this goal is essential for the ultimate derivation of operational criteria which can be interpreted unambiguously by the array of scientists and clinicians who pursue work in this area (Seifer, 1995). Abstract. FALSE. Theres a reason for slow action: such measures have costs both in real terms and in political decision-making. The resilience researcher is typically invested in identifying vulnerability and protective factors that might modify the negative effects of adverse life circumstances and, having accomplished this, in identifying mechanisms or processes that might underlie associations found (Luthar, 2000).Each of the pivotal terms Such theoretical accounts, in which contextual surrounds and transactional interchanges are emphasized, have formed the conceptual bases for resilience research involving diverse risks including family poverty, experiences of maltreatment, and others (Baldwin et al., 1993; Cicchetti & Lynch, 1993; Cicchetti et al., 1993; Connell, Spencer, & Aber, 1994; Crittenden, 1985; Leadbeder & Bishop, 1994). In: Wang MC, Gordon EW, editors. In this article, we strive to critically evaluate the resilience literature, an exercise spurred by the recent proliferation of research on this construct along with growing scientific concerns about this body of work. This change is more of an Within each of these areas, we address the identified criticisms, and, where legitimate, propose solutions for redressing problems that have been noted. Adaptability and Resilience | AMA Construct validity in psychological tests. Human development: an interactional perspective. Masten A, Coatsworth JD. Through specifying the achievement of positive adjustment in the face of significant adversity, resilience encapsulates the view that adaptation can occur through trajectories that defy normative expectations (cf. O'Dougherty-Wright, Masten, Northwood, & Hubbard, 1997, Kaufman, Cook, Arny, Jones, & Pittinsky, 1994, Haggerty, Sherrod, Garmezy, & Rutter, 1994, Rolf, Masten, Cicchetti, Nuechterlein, & Weintraub, 1990, Carpentieri, Mulhern, Douglas, Hanna, & Fairdough, 1993, Seidman, Allen, Aber, Mitchell, & Feinman, 1994, Luthar, Cushing, Merikangas, & Rounsaville, 1998, Gest, Neemann, Hubbard, Masten, & Tellegen, 1993, Voelker, Shore, Hakim-Larson, & Bruner, 1997, Pellegrini, Masten, Garmezy, & Ferrarese, 1987, Seifer, Sameroff, Baldwin, & Baldwin, 1992, DuBois, Felner, Brand, Adan, & Evans, 1992. Cicchetti D, Tucker D. Development and self-regulatory structures of the mind. When multiple outcomes are assessed, a critical question to be considered is whether these should be examined separately or somehow integrated, and decisions in this regard must be based on the conceptual distinctness of the domains in question. All scientific reports must include precise statements of the criteria used to operationalize resilience, that is, the specific methods employed to measure both competence and adversity. identifying and nurturing high talent. Sroufe LA. CRWUhelp@epa.gov. Bronfenbrenner U. As Garmezy (1990) has emphasized, short- and long-term longitudinal research on resilience provides critical opportunities to record changes in life-span developmental pathwaysincluding the emergence of new vulnerabilities, strengths, or both at each period of the life coursewhich permits further validation of the dynamic nature of the construct of resilience (Gest et al., 1993; Rutter, 1990). Undergoing a transformation and continuous change is a factor in producing high levels of anxiety, stress and adaptation Conrad M, Hammen C. Protective and resource factors in high and low-risk children: A comparison of children with unipolar, bipolar, medically ill, and normal mothers. Educational resilience in inner cities. Recognizing the notion of multifinality in developmental processes (Cicchetti & Rogosch, 1996), resilience researchers typically consider multiple theoretically important domains in operationalizing positive adaptation. A common strategy is to include several stage-salient tasks on which, if successful, the child would be viewed as having met societal expectations associated with that life stage (Cicchetti & Schneider-Rosen, 1986; Havighurst, 1952; Masten & Coatsworth, 1998; Sroufe & Rutter, 1984).